Broadcasting of the BBC Documentary ‘The Secret Policeman’ Essay

On Tuesday 21st October 2003, the BBC’s documentary The Secret Policeman was broadcast to approximately 5 million viewers in Britain. Mark Daly, an undercover reporter had spent seven months posing as a fellow trainee at the Bruche National Training Centre in Cheshire to film an exposà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ on racism among police recruits. The film not only provided evidence of police racism but also highlighted the stereotypical representations of Black identity within Western ideology. In this essay I propose to investigate how the British media’s representation of Blacks has, rather than reflecting reality, constructed it. My research predominantly focuses on evidence gathered from racial reports and theories of the 1980’s until the present day and examines the development, if any, within race representation in the media. Pre-1980’s case studies are generally omitted because of the rapid development of discussion of racial issues as a reaction to the brutal riots of that decade. Additionally, the institutional and individual stereotyping revealed within The Secret Policeman can be directly related to prevalent issues specifically within the media of the previous two decades. Controversially, I ultimately aim to depict The Secret Policeman as a symbol of advancement in Black representation within Britain. â€Å"The use of the term ‘Black bastard’ and ‘Nigger’†¦ isn’t racist† The Secret Policeman’s inclusion of a clip of racist remarks by the Police Federation’s Representative in 1983 is an accurate reflection of the racial turmoil that Britain’s Institutions and communities were in. Black lawlessness was an image that dominated the Press reporting on riots from 1980 – 85. A predominantly Black riot against at Bristol’s police force in 1980 was followed by further confrontational outbreaks in 1981. The first two years of riots gained Britain’s (particularly young) West Indian community the reputation for being â€Å"notorious for muggings, assaults and murders†2 but nonetheless presented a slight initial interest into the awareness of the underlying causes. The scale of Britain’s urban unrest between these years varied considerably but the sequence of violence after 1980 forced the political agenda to include an examination of the origins of the protests. The Press employed Brixton (1981) to highligh t the need for enhanced Government economic policies; â€Å"As we condemn the senseless terror†¦ we also condemn the deep seated social problems†¦which spawned them.† From 1983 to 1985 Britain’s poor and predominantly West Indian and Asian neighbourhoods experienced social disturbances, as was the case in 1981. Once more, the media endorsed the riots as the criminal acts of black, inner-city youths but this time they were not linked to ethnic inequality, oppression or socio-economic frustration but only to the Blacks’ position in society and their undermining of the law and cultural traditions of the minority communities themselves. The British press’s reaction to the prominence of riots particularly during 1985 was to decline both generally to examine the reasons for them and specifically to consider ethnical inequality as a cause. Subjects of immigration, housing, employment, social facilities and race relations within the civic authorities that were central to the causes of the urban violence, were abandoned for crude simplifications that represented Blacks as the sole initiators of the violence. The criminal identity with which the media had labelled Blacks was not wholly fictitious. Anecdotal evidence of provocative quotes and repetition of unreliable stories would always ‘operate within a dominant regime of truth’4. Crimes involving Blacks were given disproportionate coverage that suggested a behavioural generalisation that would never be suggested of Whites. Stereotyping was not the only form of racism; more covertly the press would exclude or misconstrue statistics such as those that showed Blacks to be twice as likely to be out of work as their counterparts. The coverage of Tottenham’s 1985 riot gave less publicity to the death of a lack woman than the ensuing disturbances in which a police constable was murdered. The policeman’s role as a victim totally overshadowed the mourning of the aggressor that the Black fatality was consigned to. ‘The perspective within which coloured people are presented as ordinary members of society has become increasingly overshadowed by a news perspective in which they are presented as a problem.’ Teun. A. Van Dijk was highly influenced by Hartmann and Husband’s early study of racism in the press which concluded the above labelling of Blacks. According to Van Dijk the riots were topicalized in a style recognisable across the entire media front; the event, the causes and the consequences. Contrary to using these journalistic traits to investigate all areas of the riots, Britain’s media manipulated it as a means of reporting on selective data. The event was described as the attacks of ‘mobs’ of black youths; in order to maintain the stimulus once the disturbance was over the primary definition of the cause of the riots was in terms of Black criminality in preference to the inner city conditions. Finally, the exoneration of Institutional Britain was enabled through the report’s focus into future containment, policing and inquiries. The report pattern of Black mob, Black crime and Black prevention was typical of a whole generation’s instinc tive approach to Black Britain. The media’s response to the 1980’s riots created and regurgitated images of Black male criminals. Blacks in non-race stories were not considered newsworthy. Encouragingly by the 1980’s Black was on the political agenda; however by 1985 it had been relegated from the social issue some commentators had perceived, via a social problem to a social evil. If the media’s hegemonic reports and editorials in the 1980’s were classed as a barely disguised belief in White supremacy, The Secret Policeman strangely that that attitude to Blacks is as strong today as ever it was then. â€Å"I’m a firm believer that Paki’s create racism.† â€Å"Most Asians carry knives.† â€Å"The thing in London is, the majority of street robbery is Black† In 1982 the Commission for Racial Equality published the first code of practice on eliminating discrimination and promoting equal opportunities, which was speedily identified by a Daily Telegraph editorial as ‘bossy nonsense’. Arguably the code of practice was counter-productive. Attacks on anti-racist and equal rights movements were at their height during the period of 1983 to 1986, when Black became Britain’s pretext for social disturbances. Resistance towards such movements was accused of stirring racial tension through excessive political correctness. For much of the press, racism was a manufactured problem of the anti-racist left, found in social science research programmes, anti-racist projects and multi-cultural education. The anti-racist social learning process created accusations of ‘anti-English’ indoctrination thus posing a threat to White elitism, dominance and control. Thatcher’s Institutionally right-wing Britain defined itself as a protagonist of the attacks from the left that they believed favoured special treatment of multicultural Britain. Significantly, the immediate Government response to The Secret Policeman undercover investigation was given by the home secretary David Blunkett, who criticised the BBC for their â€Å"intent to create, not report, a story†¦as a covert stunt to get attention† According to the Guardian’s most recent statistics, ethnic minorities make up 9% of the UK’s population. In more urban areas such as Greater Manchester where The Secret Policeman was filmed, this percentage is believed to reach figures as high as 30%. However, the documentary showed Warrington police training base to consist of 118 white and one Asian recruit. Notably, Black people in are massively under-represented in Parliament. New Western societies still show many forms of institutional and everyday discrimination that David Blunkett arguably hoped to dismiss with a similar response to the 1980’s critical analysis of racist exposs. Over a month before The Secret Policeman was broadcast, John Gieve, the permanent Secretary at the Home Office wrote to the BBC a letter that they described as ‘unprecedented’ pressure to bully them into withdrawing the programme. The chief constable of Greater Manchester Police also intimidated the BBC with the threat of a ‘Hutton-style’ inquiry that â€Å"could destroy the BBC’s relationship with the police†. Mark Daly’s work within the police force was cut short when arrested on suspicion of deception and damaging police property; charges were dropped when embarrassingly for the police, the public were informed of the institutional racism. The Observer newspaper considered the Whitehall and police resistance worthy of its front-page headline ‘Home Office ‘tried to axe’ BBC police race expos’. Headlines are carefully devised as a pithy synopsis of the story. They quickly impart knowledge in a way which facilitates both understanding and recall. The headlines of news reports about ethnic affairs summarize events that the media’s white academics, teachers, writers and political activists define as relevant to white and black readers’ interests. The media’s manipulation of headlines dramatized the 1980’s anti-racism only to emphasise the Western ideology of Black negativity. For example the Telegraph’s conspicuous headline ‘bossy nonsense’ clearly established the tedium felt by the author towards the issue of tackling racism. The Observer’s recent negative portrayal of institutional antagonists of anti-racism reveals a positive shift from the media’s earlier resentment towards the anti-racist movements. So what is the ideological implication of the shift from 1980’s resentment to the Observer’s stance? How is the exposure of racism in today’s society a sign of improved race-relations? Who is to blame for today’s existing racism? â€Å"Is it the BBC’s fault this has happened?† BBC Radio One questioned both the responsibility of the police and the media in the revelation of The Secret Policeman. Radio One criticised the constable of North Wales for his reference to the hysteria related to terrorism, extremist Muslims and asylum as the rationale for increased racist views. Blaming society, it commented, was no option for police professionals who should â€Å"concentrate on training†¦ and challenge prejudice†15. Is the BBC’s accusation equitable or is pardoning society a means of pardoning the media to ultimately pardon itself? ‘How we are seen determines in part how we are treated; how we treat others is based on how we see them; such seeing comes from representation.’16 Traditionally founded on Reithian ideas of independence, access and expression, the BBC aimed to inform, educate and entertain the masses. The BBC devised itself an identity as the national cultural institution that would represent Britain’s public through Britain’s voice. In a statement following the arrest of Mark Daly, the BBC reflected the all-purpose mission they were founded upon: ‘We believe this to be a matter of significant public interest’17. The BBC, in essence, the media, is a powerful realm of social whiteness that manipulates the patterns of inter-elite communication. The ethnic minorities in Britain even today remain concentrated in relatively few areas. As a result huge numbers of the White majority rely almost exclusively on the media for knowledge of issues concerning their Black counterparts. The formations and continuance of White attitudes are therefore highly reliant upon the media’s portrayal of race-relations; most frequently found in the news. The news is an everyday routine structure, and in literal terms can be defined as a ‘classical realist text’. However, Nichols recognises that ‘the reality of news takes precedence over the news of reality’18, thus enabling it to empower, or dis-empower its subject. In these terms the subject is Black and the empowerment is integral to the serious issue of Black nationhood and identity. When reality is represented, its former unequivocal status becomes ambiguous; news is static but its context is not. For example, patterns of race reporting can attach themselves to the wider subjects of Black British existence, a procedure that Sarita Malik terms leitmotif. During the 1980’s riots, the Black identity was frequently referred to in terms of former race-related violence. Leitmotifs thus manipulated the reality to familiarise the White-eye with often-unrelated parables of Black anger that consequently created a distorted mis-informatio n about the original conflict. In contrast, representing reality can be equally deceitful through a negation of context. The news according to Malik is best at representing ‘what’ and ‘why’ but regularly fails to recognise the socio-political reasoning behind it. In terms of race relations of the last two decades Britain’s media tends to focus excessively on the wider context of Black struggle yet too seldom on the social context that fuels this struggle. The BBC’s decision to resist Governmental and Federal pressures and broadcast The Secret Policeman implied a positive shift in its allegiance to the White ruling classes. Although this documentary was yet another portrayal of the problem-orientated Black, uniquely the ‘revolting’19 and ‘Appalling, racist revelations’20 were more optimistically acknowledged as White. The television documentary is based on questions of identity that engage with the construction of relationships between subject, audience and the camera or narrator. The cinematography is used as a tool of authority in which the spectator is lured into believing they are a observing a record of untouched and immediate reality. But reality, as clarified previously, can be more ambiguous than anticipated. In fact, the illusion that a documentary allows the subject to speak for itself without moralising or judging is, like the news, a powerful status to possess. Documentaries are the most likely genre to directly address socio-political affairs and on the rare occasion of the media’s attention to multicultural development it is most probable they will be used. Unfortunately, documentaries of the 1950’s were emotive, sentimental and practically vague and similarly. The 1960’s gave little hope for a genre increasingly lacking in sensitivity and awareness towards the Black subject. In contrast to the pathos of the 1950’s White pity toward Blacks, the 1960’s employed tones of hostility, fear and conflict. Thus, the erratic history of the socialist documentary was influential and manipulative towards the enhancement of Governmental attacks that ran adjacent to the anti-racist campaigns of the 1980’s. The development of light and cheap video recording equipment has made the ‘video diary’ an accessible and extremely popular style of documentary since the late 1990’s; a development that enabled the BBC to produce The Secret Policeman. Improved camera technology initiated independent film-making and in effect greater social analysis during the 1990’s, but this was not the only continuity in television’s ‘social eye’. Governmental, cultural and economic forces were evolving towar ds today’s individualistic, consumerist and multicultural society; television had to keep pace. The documentary shifted from social generalisations to pluralism and for the first time society was eclipsed by individualism and lifestyle. Although the 1990’s showed much resistance to an increasingly cross-cultural and mixed-race Britain, the definition of society and ‘Britishness’ undoubtedly required re-examination. â€Å"Isn’t it good how memories don’t fade? He [Steven Lawrence] fucking deserved it and his mum and dad are a fucking pair of spongers.† PC Rob Pulling’s acclamation of the murderers and derision of the family of black student Steven Lawrence shocked viewers of The Secret Policeman. Lawrence’s mother was particularly disheartened, stating, â€Å"that, after all this time, people still held those views.†22 The stereotyping of Black people as spongers or scroungers is one that was upheld and confirmed during the rioting period of the 1980’s. The Diasporas posed a threat to Britain as a consequence of its deficiency in resources and increasing immigration numbers. In 1968 Enoch Powell suggested a much favoured but conclusively rejected topic relatable to Thatcher’s new 1980’s, right wing government; that of repatriation. Repatriation essentially warned Blacks to behave or ‘go home’. Powell returned to his theme in the wake of the 1985 Handsworth riots to create a climate of racist opinion. Immigration had become among the most prominent Press subjects, during which, one tabloid claimed that immigrants cost the taxpayer billions of pounds. Black people were constituted as the welfare state’s problem that added to taxation through an exploitation of the ‘White supremacist’ welfare state. In 1984, the News of the World printed the headline ‘à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½476 a week for waiter Abdul’. The Daily Mail picked up on this story, printing a day later; ‘Jobless Abdul†¦life of luxury in hotels†¦at the taxpayers’ expense.’24 The actuality of this story is that the 476 payment that was referred to was an inclusive sum covering the cost of housing Abdul, his wife and his six children. More interestingly, Abdul Bari was a British citizen. In 1999, six years after the Lawrence incident, Sir William Macpherson undertook a high profile investigation into the racism and discrimination in the Metropolitan Police Force.His Report coined the phrase ‘institutional racism’. This triggered discussions of discrimination within Britain’s leading institutions: the police, the media, the education system and the government. Following the Lawrence enquiry huge numbers of police were forced to undertake intensive training in racial equality and similar, revised programmes are ongoing today. One police force in Britain sent 40 000 employees on race training days within the last year, but Pulling’s overt racism raises questions of the efficacy of the Home Office’s current strategy of challenging prejudice. In the concluding chapter of her book Representing Black in Britain, Sarita Malik makes a discouragingly negative, albeit honest assertion that the accepted sentiment that ‘racist Britain’ is in decline is somewhat false. By this, she suggests that racism in the media, as in other public sectors, has merely been concealed. Malik proposed that truthful representations could emerge only through more diverse, aesthetically innovative and accurate portrayals of Blacks. More relevantly to The Secret Policeman, Malik highlighted the need for a rethink of the constituent parts that compose Britain’s media: resources, employment and ultimately its national heritage. Whilst the number of Blacks and ethnic minorities on British television has increased dramatically – particularly in urban based soaps such as Holby City and Eastenders – the production teams and editors continue to favour Whites. My premise that The Secret Policemen established an interesting re lationship with the development of British media was formed whilst listening to a Radio Four news programme. It suggested that The Secret Policeman provided hard evidence that racism had gone underground. The programme concluded that although the police understood the ‘should’s and shouldn’t’s’ of racial procedures, impartiality was never entrenched in their hearts and minds. Consistently with my research, the social learning process of the media has potentially played a huge role in PC Pulling’s racist prejudices and discrimination. Racism is not innate after all; it is learned. So how is it that I feel confident to propose The Secret Policeman as evidence of enhanced race-relations within the media? The role of the media is not isolated, but connected in numerous ways to the elites in general; this time it stood alone. The BBC assumed the role of the anti-racist and confronted the majority. The Secret Policeman exposed to huge public numbers, the long-standing stereotypes of the ‘ruling-race’ and gave scope for investigating the origins of such beliefs. More positively the documentary received instant and drastic responses from both the public and the institutions. The Home Office immediately introduced plans for new police integrity tests and understood the need for societal change. The media’s willingness to scrutinise and criticise the racism revealed in The Secret Policeman marked a complete reversal from the attacks on anti-racism evident in the 1980’s. The Secret Policeman has served a distinctive purpose. It has illustrated what has long been apparent but too rarely admitted; White power is dangerously flawed. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ferguson, Robert. Representing ‘Race’, 1998. Arnold: London Gordon, Paul & Rosenberg, David. The Press and black people in Britain, 1989. Runnymede Trust: Nottingham Malik, Sarita. Representing Black in Britain, 2002. Sage: London Solomos, John. Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain, 1989. Macmillan: London Troyna, Barry. Public awareness and the media, 1981. Commission for Racial Equality: London Van Dijk, Tuen A. Racism and the Press, 1991. Routledge: London and New York

Determining Factors of Reality TV’s Popularity

In the article â€Å"Getting Real With Reality TV† published in the 5th edition of Perspectives on Contemporary Issues, author Cynthia M. Frisby argues that the reason that reality TV stays so popular is because of the audiences media gratification from social comparisons in the mass media. According to CBS, the same element of being human that encourages people to gossip about the lives of their friends, family, and even total strangers is what fosters an audience for reality television (292). However she feels that it is something else that creates a reality television audience and it is the social comparison. Frisby believes that despite the shifting desires of society and fickleness of television audience, the human need to compare and relate has provided a market for this genre (294). One major reason that Frisby feels that reality TV stays popular to the audience is because of the benefit of media gratification from social comparison. â€Å"people may compare themselves with others in their immediate environment or in mass media in order to judge their own personal worth (293). Frisby states that individuals compare their selves for various reasons â€Å"to determine relative standing on an issue or related ability; emulate behaviors; determine norms; lift spirits or feel better about life and personal situations; and evaluate emotions, personality, and self-worth (292). There is also the upward comparison in which there is a individual who is superior to or better off another individual, but on the other hand â€Å"self improvement is the main effect of an upward comparison because the targets serve as role models, teaching and motivating individuals to achieve or overcome similar problems (292). Frisby believes that social comparison does not mean that the individual has to give careful, elaborate, conscious thought about the comparison, but implies that there has to be, to some degree, an attempt to identify or look for similarities or differences between the other and self on some particular dimension (293). Theorist argues Frisby’s claim that â€Å"for a comparison to be considered a comparison, the individual must be aware of the comparison and come into direct contact with the other person† (293). In Frisby’s complete a uses and gratification survey she came up with two goals in mind to show that certain television shows may cause social comparison and to show that â€Å"viewers use reality television and images as a source for social comparison† (293). After doing this research she then conducted a analysis of all the thoughts that were given while watching reality television. Frisbys final thoughts were that regular reality television viewers and non reality television viewers responses did not differ. Frisby states â€Å"that one major effect of exposure to reality television is to feel better about ones own life circumstances, abilities, and talents† (294). Whether if the aim of the show is about love, surviving to win money, to become a singer or for other creative expressions the results of reality viewers and non viewers are all the same. Reality television viewers like the fact that they are going through the same problems and that they can compare their living experiences and also can feel at ease that they have once made the same mistakes. Frisby feels as if â€Å"through a vicarious social comparison process (294). That viewers can one day land it big like â€Å"falling in love, winning $1,000,000, or getting the office snitch fired (294).

Analysis of Windows Operating System and Microsoft

Analysis of Windows Operating System and Microsoft What is Windows? Windows is a personal computer operating system from Microsoft that, together with some commonly used business applications such as Microsoft PowerPoint, Word and Excel, has become a de facto â€Å"standard† for individual users in most corporations as well as in most homes. It provides a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices. According to OneStat.com, as of August, 2006, Windows as a whole dominates the personal computer world, running on about 97% of the operating system market share, with XP accounting for about 87% of that. In comparison Mac OS has about 2% and Linux (with all distributions) about .36% The reason why this is so is mainly because Windows is much more user friendly and everything comes pre-packaged so user just have to run the application and follow instructions for it to install. There are many versions of Windows Operating System available namely: Windows 286 W indows 386 Windows 3.0 and 3.11 Windows 95 Windows 98 Windows NT Windows 2000 Windows CE for use in small mobile computers Windows Me Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Among all those versions, Windows XP is the most popular one and it is used by 61.9 percent of Internet users, according to data from Net Applications, followed by Windows 7 which has 14.46 percent of users and Vista -14.34 percent. A Brief Story On Windows Windows mainly concentrated on providing an operating system which was user-friendly, stable and less prone to crashes when they were implementing earlier versions. Now, even though XP is generally referred to being stable and efficient compared to other copies of Windows, it is still critised for being overly susceptible to security risks. Therefore the successor of XP- Vista, released in January of 2007 was designed in such a way so as it provides more security. The transition time between Vista and XP is the longest one between versions of windows. Vulnerabilities Of Windows What is vulnerability? – â€Å"It is a weakness that makes a threat possible. â€Å" These vulnerabilities are used by attackers who exploits them to convey multiple attack, including enticing the users to open harmful and malicious media or to visit website which has a lot of viruses. These can have a lot of consequences. In the worst case, a hacker or attacker can get full access to the computer. Fortunately, windows provide a lot of solution to these vulnerabilities. The user just has to install the appropriate Microsoft patches or they are sometimes installed automatically with the help of Windows Update. Window Update Vulnerabilities can be compared to holes. They are like holes in the system. Windows periodically releases security patches mostly as Window Updates to fix those defects. There exists different level of security known as the â€Å"security level system† in Windows which describes the different levels of security holes: A critical security hole is â€Å"a vulnerability whose exploitation could allow the propagation of an Internet worm without user action.† An important hole is â€Å" A vulnerability whoses exploitation could result in compromise of the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of user’s data, or of the integrity or availability of processing recources.†

EU Law Case Studies Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EU Law Studies - Case Study Example Astrid, Klaus's wife, had every right to apply for a job as an estate agent. The fact that Astrid was discriminated against because she did not pass a Spanish language test in Spain-although she had completed and passed a similar test in Germany-is illegal because member EU states must treat other EU member citizens equally.4 The fact that Klaus did not receive the same company pension entitlement as Spanish nationals who also worked as his company is a blatant form of discrimination against Klaus as a German national living in Spain, again because EU members are supposed to receive the same social benefits of domestic members.5 Another social benefit6 Klaus should have received based on the fact that he is an EU members was his five extra holidays, just as his Spanish national counterparts.7 Similarly, in Astrid's case, she was discriminated against by not being able to receive the same social advantage8 of receiving free banking as her Spanish national counterparts who worked at the bank as well. Sophie was discriminated against on the basis of nationality9 due to the fact that, at college, only students in her course who had lived in Spain for at least ten years could claim a special financial payment to cover the enrollment fee. This is because Sophie had only been in Spain for a few months. Still, however, this was a discriminatory practice. Additionally, since Heinrich wanted to apply for a student maintenance grant but was told that it was only available to Spanish nationals, this is another form of discrimination based on nationality.10 Klaus and Heinrich, respectively-had prior convictions in Germany for handling stolen motor vehicles and dealing illegal drugs-can argue that they were trying to start a new life in Spain but were discriminated against in their pursuits of operating legally in the country of Spain. Klaus could not receive social security benefits or the same company pension as the other workers at his job who were Spanish nationals. Heinrich needed a grant to go to school. Based on these exclusion from receiving the proper compensation and remuneration, which is a legal right of EU member citizens,11 it could be argued in court that Klaus reverted to an illegal venture in order to make ends meet. Similarly, the same argument could be made of Astrid-that she was forced into a bank job by virtue of discrimination12 as a German national and was forced to resort to illegal methods to help ensure her family's well-being in Spain. Freedom of establishment13 in another member EU country is a right guaranteed to individuals who are EU citizens. In court, it could be argued that Klaus and Astrid were denied this basic right.14 Regarding Heinrich, it could be argued in court that-because he was not allowed to get a grant based on discrimination due to him being a German national15 while residing in Spain-Heinrich turned to dealing illegal drugs as an activity to pay for his schooling, which would not have been an issue had he not been discriminated against.16 With regard to Sophie, the political group which she had joined was under surveillance by authorities in Spain, however she was not committing an illegal act

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Art - Essay Example It also appears that the art is full of ideas and depictions, which are symbolic to the events that took place at the time. However, one can deduce that the art evokes spiritual emotions from the beauty and colors used in the art. The designer of the image adopted the use of the ‘arch’ and integration of the Doric and Ionic columns. Peebles and mosaics have been for decoration purposes. There is also the use of formal elements in order to evoke the above kind of impression. The main medium used is oil. This improves the beauty and quality of the work. Space has also been adequately used and appropriately organized in order to pass the intended message to the viewer. The other important thing is about the use of light and color. These two have been dynamically used to achieve contrast and drama. They have also been used to offer ‘transitions’ instead of using lines during painting. This is what makes the image very outstanding. The paintings is produced from oil color and light. It is through the use of the two that contrast is easily achieved. Another important thing is that the designer of the image appears to have created it in three dimensions in order to make it more outstanding. This is something achieved by painting using oil and light accordingly. Reflecting on the image, it should be observable that architecture is a form of art, and therefore, it is capable of borrowing a lot from the ancient, pre-modern and even from the post-modern periods in order to pioneer new but stylish images. In this case, the use of historical references on this image helps understand how most of the ancient architectural elements were used since they cannot be viewed today anyway (Fairbanks 103). This is because most of these ancient buildings have collapsed a long time ago. However, studying them offers insights to the architectural elements and how they can be applied in modern designs. Another

To what extent can the post-war boom be attributed to Keynesianism Essay

To what extent can the post-war boom be attributed to Keynesianism - Essay Example Nevertheless, the long post war boom was caused by destruction of capital, which occurred during the war, thereby leading to the rise of America as a hegemonic power. On the other hand, the notion indicating that post war boom was caused by destruction of capital is doubtful, since this was not the case after World War I (Moody, 2013, 1). Instead, the period after First World War was attributed to a long wave of downturn, which dragged for the period between 1920s and 30s. In addition, during this period, there was no economic hegemony in Britain by the end of nineteenth century; in fact, Germany and America was losing followed by Japan. In this case, the notion that destruction of capital contributed to growth that established an interrelationship between post-war boom and Keynesian theory. In fact, the reminiscent of Keynesian ideas indicate that growth is created through destruction of capital in order to offer employment for people to rebuild. USSR had trouble in growing their ec onomy during the 1920s due to physical destruction of their capital in the First World War; thus, they were forced to seek a replacement (Fine & Murphin, 1984, 56). On the other hand, Marxists value theory argues that growth is facilitated by destruction of value rather than capital destruction. ... In this case, Marxists value theory is disapproved, thereby creating the need to explore the Keynesian theory. Therefore, the paper will focus on identifying the extent to which that post war boom can be attributed to the Keynesianism. The post-war boom Initially, post-war boom was based on overview of `Fordist' methods, which regard to mass production of consumer goods and relation to the steel power and machine tool industries. Moreover, America established the new form of Fordist production during the 1920s, though it was introduced in Europe during the post war boom (Clarke, 1988, 174). In fact, this continued to expand through the depression that occurred in 1930s, despite increases in the rate of unemployment and living standards. Furthermore, the growth experienced in the industries was restricted through limitations of market size and the barriers of protectionists were establishing constraints in domestic market. There was a significant expansion of the new industries due to complexity military demands during World War II, whereby there were vehicles, aviation and electronics. On the other hand, during the post-war period there was a reconversion of various military branches dealing with production to peacetime environment in Britain. However, there were stringent restrictions involved in civilian consumption, whereby the world market was subdued by Britain. Moreover, Britain’s growth faced challenges due to the power of supplies, steel and labour. The post war period is also attributed to a Korean War spread, and methods of production to Continental Europe. During the post war boom there was a Dodge Plan established in Japan in order to halt reparations payments, which

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Article Review - Research Paper Example he research used the case study method and qualitative analysis to reveal that through the development of an information behavior model, the findings indicated the need to emphasize both information capability and information technology capability to motivate knowledge workers and assist in improvement of performance. 1. What was the statistical problem, issue or debate discussed in the article and where did it fit in the context of the course? The statistical problem was the need to design an information behavior model to understand how employees effectively use information as a large insurance company. Accordingly, it fits the context of the course in terms of defining the statistical method used to analyze and interpret the results with the application of average scores and gaps using Microsoft Excel statistical analysis functions. The major theoretical aspects focus on the use of the information orientation model that would effectively measure the link between performance of knowledge workers and information use. The applicability was identified in terms of defining accurately the most crucial elements of effective information management. 3. What research methodology was used and why was it appropriate for this problem, issue or debate (archival, survey, case study, etc.)? The research methodology used was a single company case study in conjunction with an online survey and analyzed through quantitative approach. 4. What conclusions were validated by this research and what was the overall contribution to the field of statistics? The findings revealed that from among the variables, both information capability and information technology capability were regarded as the most crucial in improving performance. Having identified these, the study has proven the relevant role that statistical analysis played in generating conclusive findings that validated hypothetical contentions. 5. Why did you feel that this article was appropriate for your review; in other

Adolescent Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adolescent Sexuality - Essay Example b) Early start of sexual intercourse: Other risks associated with teen sex include early start of sex practice. Teens usually get attracted towards opposite sex at an early stage and start to have sex with their partners. In 2006 7, 50,000 teens below the age of 20 became pregnant in United States (Guttmacher Institute, 2010). c) Multiple sex partners: Majority of the teens who are engaged in having sex with more than one partners are often likely to develop attitudes like fighting, taking drugs and smoking. These activities are mainly observed among girls. It also increases the chances of pregnancies and STDs. d) Unprotected sex: Most of the adolescents are often engaged in unprotected sexual practices. The two most common consequences of unprotected sexual practice are; transmission of various sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy. i) STDs: Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are a major issue in teen sex. These diseases are usually transmitted by unsafe sex practices which are prominent among teens. 19 million STD infections occur worldwide each year among in which half of them are teens between the ages of 15-24 (SADD, 2007). Another reason for high rate of STDs among teens is because of the wrong perception that oral sex or anal sex does not have the risk of transmission of STDs. A number of of the sexually transmitted diseases are AIDS, Genital Warts, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Herpes, Chlamydia, Pubic Lice or Crabs, Vaginitis and Hepatitis (Menstruation, 1999). ii) Teen Pregnancy: Another consequence of unprotected sex is teen pregnancy. Most teens often indulge in unsafe and unplanned sex practice due to their immaturity. In US 34% of teens become pregnant before they reach the age of 20 which is around 8, 20,000 a year (SADD, 2007). The result of unprotected sexual behavior leads to pregnancy at an early age might be harmful for a girl. Although

Capital in the 21 Centurey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Capital in the 21 Centurey - Essay Example Bonds were, in essence, one population’s claim over the rest who paid they’re taxes. However, to find out the wealth’s ownership has been much complex as it is today in a world characterized by what Piketty refers to as â€Å"financial intermediation†. The existing financial system with the banks makes it complex to realize the ownership of wealth which is deposited by the common man and invested by the bank. Businesses then operated in similar ways as the present times with entrepreneurs founding startups and then offering stock options, earning capital gains, and investing some of it back into the business. The bottom line is that capital was an essential part of the society, beyond narrative stories, some of which operated as dynamic assets. By comparing the early businessman with the present system, the author has drawn many parallels in both the systems of capital and investment. With this Piketty (83) points out the risky nature of capital that has always been so at least in its early stages when it is also entrepreneurial in nature. The modern perception has it that capital has become more dynamic ever since the eighteenth century. The recorded literature from Britain and France provide the most information. It is observed that the capital-income ratio has remained stable between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for both Britain and France following a similar trend. This was followed by a sudden surge in the twentieth century which then returned to similar levels during the World War I (Picketty, 86). Hence, national capital which is the sum of private and public capital was defined as the sum of farmland, housing, other domestic capital, and net foreign capital (Piketty, 87). Foreign capital was extensively shaped by regional colonial powers and the variable played an important role in determining national capital. The most prominent changes have been the replacement of farmland while total capital

Evaluation of Website Content Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation of Website Content - Essay Example The site does not specify an author’s name but it states the copyrights are with Tom Way. The institution said to have published this document is the ‘Environmental Assessment Center, United States. It also specifies that the Dihydrogen Monoxide Research Division is situated in Newark, Delaware. The main aim of this site is to provide a platform for discussion by providing unbiased data. Though the URL of the site is given, the publisher does not disclose his qualifications. The chief goals of this site are to provide unbiased data on the subject of Dihydrogen Monoxide and also serve as a forum for discussions. The information given seems to be fairly detailed but one cannot guess how much of it is true. Moreover, the page seems to be a mask for advertising and therefore, the information cannot be said to be authentic or accurate. The name of the author has not been specified and it seems as though information and data have been gathered from various places. The site has an online store selling T. shirts and other things and the general public are asked to visit and lend their support by purchasing them. The site gives the last updated date, but this does not seem to be valid because it looks to be automatically updated every day and proves to be inauthentic. Moreover, it clearly states – â€Å"content veracity not implied† which clearly proves that the site is invalid as also its information. In addition, the site does not have a home page and an ‘about us’ page to give us information about the people running the site.

Should Students Be Required to Take a Second Language Course Essay Example for Free

Should Students Be Required to Take a Second Language Course Essay A spectacle is happening in today’s society that the world, one hundred years ago, could have never thought possible. Cultural barriers between countries are blurring and are eventually predicted to disappear entirely, forming one, global nation. This process of globalization is due mainly to the rise of modern technologies through the internet and computers. Just a few decades ago, people would have never thought that an international business meeting would be as simple as few clicks of a mouse and a video-call. Now, international trading, as well as many other tasks, is becoming a reality. However, the only thing that might restrain a deal between a start-up American business and a possible Chinese investor is an acute language barrier. To keep the machine that is the global market well-oiled and functioning at maximum efficiency, it only makes sense for a common language to be spoken. The sooner the United States schools realize this, the sooner they can stay competitive on a global scale. The culture-blending effects of globalization necessitate high school and college students to achieve proficiency in a second, useful language. To fully understand why a second language is so important for United States citizens, one must understand the causes of constantly rising globalization. The first and most obvious cause is the internet and the lines of communication that it opens. If used appropriately, the internet can connect people from a variety of nationalities for almost endless purposes. Perhaps the most appealing purpose would be the potential for international business endeavors. Businessmen have, since the dawn of the internet, seized the opportunity to use it for global business growth. They recognize that the internet is an information highway that can be used to help business contact clients from around the globe as well as promote their business on the web. These business opportunities have given once developmentally backwards nations such as China or India, the ability to contact other well-developed countries for trade. This causes and influx in these countries economies as well as giving the developed counties new trading partners that may have higher potential manufacturing power than they do (Globalization and Localization Association Predicts Jump in Demand for Language Industry Services). With all of these benefits for the global economy, it is not hard to see why these countries have welcomed globalization. Money is not the only thing that is being transferred in today’s global economy. Like a pilot fish on a shark, the sharing of cultures comes along with globalization. Since the world is so connected now through technology and trade, many cultures are being mixed together in a global melting pot. This exposes a need for a common language to be spoken between nations. Since language can be crucial to understanding a country’s culture as well as communicating with the citizens of the country, businesses often look for potential employees who are bilingual because they have that advantage over people who are not (Akay). Therefore, if a person learns a second language they can gain an edge in the job market. A second language is key for the modern businessman due to the rise of globalization. Schools around the world realize that language is a necessity for modern workers to be competitive and are adjusting their curriculum to meet these modern needs. For instance, in foreign countries, it is a common practice to first learn their native language and then after that, to take English classes since it is currently recognized as an international language. This puts them at a distinct advantage over people who do not speak multiple languages since they can participate in national as well as international affairs (Akay). The United States is a different story. There is an acute lack of emphasis on language in American schools, and the languages that they do teach (typically French, German, and Spanish) are rarely used after the student graduates. These languages, however, are not as important as they were at one time. Other languages should be taught as another option for students. Since China is the United States’ primary trading partner, it makes sense for students to have the option to learn Mandarin (Lapowsky). Languages spoken in other major trading countries such as India should be taught as well. These courses should be required for students to take so that America can share a common language with these countries as well as stay competitive on a global scale. Globalization is creating a world where learning a second language is a modern must. Language can open new doors for people, and now that cultural barriers are eroding, new languages have become more important and useful than ever before. To ensure that their students can grasp every opportunity that comes their way, schools need to require students to achieve proficiency in a second language. Since globalization is showing no signs of slowing, American Students need to buckle up and embrace the ride.

Cost when using photovoltaic cell Essay Example for Free

Cost when using photovoltaic cell Essay Solar energy industry utilizes prize per Watt peak, which is the primary unit of measurement for computing cost. Current prevailing price for solar energy generation is at around $4/Wp. Basically; cost would depend on the total installed cost for the system. Around 40% to 50% of the cost would be for the solar module. A complete system includes the entire required component for a functioning system. As of 2003 a residential system would cost at around $8,000 $12,000 per kWp installed (SolarBuzz, 2006). Based on data, a 1kWp unit would produce differently depending on the location and levels of sunlight. Generated data for Southern California produced 1800 kwh/year while for Northern Germany was 800 kwh/year and 1600 – 2000 kwh / year in India using the same 1kWp unit of solar system. However, gradual improvements on the silicon crystal model of PV cells contributed to a dramatic reduction of the cost of photovoltaic electricity (Cartlidge, 2007). Actual generated power would still depend on the location and prices are variably dependent on the local tariffs. Compared to other existing rates for energy generation distributed solar PV would be 30cents to 50cents/kWh the current rate is still far from the 3 – 5 cents / kWh rate for combined cycle gas turbines. Although there is a promising trend of decreasing rate of generation cost due to decrease in installation cost (Space_Daily, 2005). The amount of roof space needed to roof-mount a solar system is based on the size or generating capacity† or â€Å"rating† of the system you purchase. Most residential systems require as little as 50 square feet of mounting area for a small â€Å"starter† system, or as much as 500-1,000 square feet for a PV array capable of meeting all of a homeowner’s needs. Commercial systems are typically much larger than residential systems. A rule of thumb is that a square foot of single- or poly-crystalline PV module area produces 10 watts of power in bright sunlight. Therefore, a 1000-watt system requires about 100 to 200 square feet of roof area, depending on the type of PV module. The amount of roof area needed also depends on the PV module’s efficiency in converting sunlight to electricity. Table 1 provides approximate roof area requirements as a function of PV efficiency (percent) and rating (watts). Table 1: Roof Area Needed for Various Sizes of PV Systems Although the efficiency (percent of sunlight converted to electricity) varies with different types of PV modules, higher-efficiency modules typically cost more. One of the main barriers to the development of rural electrification markets with photovoltaic is the financing of the high up-front investment of an SHS, which is the critical point for most of the rural households, as well as for many photovoltaic intermediaries. Depending on the size of the local market, taxes the share of locally manufactured components and governmental policy regarding solar technology and rural electrification, an SHS costs between US $500 to US $1,500. Even with the existence of subsidies for the installation of an SHS, such investment costs are much too high compared to the average income of the target households. For this reason, financing schemes allowing payment by installments must be offered they are needed in national electrification programs as in commercial markets. In this connection, micro-finance institutions (MFI) could play an essential role in the dissemination of SHS. This not only represents a solution for the existing barriers regarding the electrification of remote rural households, but also offers new market opportunities for . MFI for example, ill form of rural electricity loans, which additionally offer the convenience of secure guarantees of the hardware, especially the solar panel. PV today is economical only if it does not have to compete with grid electricity. Nevertheless, the technology is only at the beginning of its development and hopes are high for further large cost reductions. At present, however, it is not obvious that the cost of PV can reach present levels of the cost of base load electricity, but it call reach consumer retail prices. Besides development of technology, market expansion is a proven way of bringing down cost. In several countries that take their obligation to reduce greenhouse gases seriously, comprehensive support programs for distributed PV installations have been legislated. One example is the German renewable energy law, which stipulates that utilities have to pay for PV electricity fed into the grid about 0. 5 $/kWh for twenty years. This reimbursement is reduced by 5% each year for new installations in order to stimulate cost reduction (Elwell Komp, 2007). Manufacturing of PV cells undergoes many processes. After producing the solar cells, they have to be transported and assembled. Solar cell usually have a life span of 25 years. After which they are disassembled and transported for proper disposal. A study was conducted to measure the total energy consumed in the manufacture alone of the solar cells. Using the Sharp ND-205U1 module, which cost $850, a forty-four-module order would require $28,900, not including the cost of wires and inverters installed along with the solar modules (Riley Meyers, 2005). Renewable sources in Middle East In the Middle East, governments are pushing for finding an alternative to fossil fuels to meet its energy requirements. Renewable sources are being eyed. Due to the depleting supply of fossil fuels, United Arab Emirates has already undertaken projects in preparation for meeting the required power needed. It is estimated that by 2015, 14% of estimated power requirements would be saved with the utilization of wind and solar energy. By 2050 it is forecasted that almost half of energy requirements of UAE would be supplied by wind and solar energy with PV generation forming the largest percentage of the two (WFES, 2004). Other Middle East countries are likely to follow in their endeavor to preserve the region’s main source of wealth – oil and gas. Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran Bahrain and Lebanon have already implemented or will be implementing strategies in harnessing these renewable sources abundant in the region (Middle_East_Electricity, 2005). One project initiated in Israel, which aims to provide electricity and water supply in a small rural village in Palestine. Greenstar identified one of the four-target villages Al Kaabneh, West Bank, Palestine. The purpose of the project is to supply electricity with the installation of PV cell system. Before the project was instituted, the village had no electricity and water was not sanitized, thus resulting to health problems as one of the prevalent challenged areas of the village. The locals were taught how to maintain and utilize the PV system installed in their village and care was delegated to them. The project supplied the village with a 100 kW PV generator, which was used to power the village’s health clinic, mosque and school. Aside from the generator, the village was also supplied with a PV powered water pumping and desalination units. Among the lessons learned from the project is that solar energy provides simple solutions to simple electrical needs of small isolated villages where a national grid is rendered superfluous (Greenstar, 1999).

Tariffs Used At Chittagong Port Economics Essay

Tariffs Used At Chittagong Port Economics Essay Chittagong Port is a principal port of Bangladesh and one of the emerging container ports of South Asian regions. At present, about 92% of import and export in volume are handled through this port and the growth of handling is ranging from 12% to 14% (CPA Year Book, 2008). This port is selected to present the current pricing system and to assess the demand and competition level and cost structure of this port. Further, this paper will try to provide recommendations to increase the attractiveness and the profit of the port by changing the current pricing system. Current pricing system: The present pricing system of this port is cost based. The Chittagong Port Authority (CPA) is a basic service provider and its objective focuses mainly on providing necessary services and facilities to the port users efficiently and effectively at competitive prices. The CPA has been following the cost based tariff system since 1987. To harmonize the objectives of CPA and port users the port introduced cost based tariff system in 1987 and had started collection of revenues on the basis of cost based tariff system since that year. Under cost based tariff, all variable, fixed, mixed, and step costs on a particular date were considered. There were also consideration of the growth rate of the cargo, container, and other activities for certain period. Total activities of CPA, to determine the tariff for a particular cargo or container or on any activity or movement, were divided into operational and non-operational (other service departments) departments. All variable and traceable costs relating to a particular department were directly assigned. Then all non-traceable cost and indirect costs were apportioned to all departments on some basis. After having a total costs for each department, all cost of non-operational departments re-apportioned to the operational departments on the basis of weights. Then total cost of a particular operational department was divided by certain number of activity or cargo or container to have a unit cost or tariff. Since the tariff is cost based and there is no provision for profit in the tariff, it was essential for the CPA to increase its efficiency in operation and effectiveness in use of assets so as to ensure early recovery of the fixed cost and reach the break-even- point. After break even point every amount of contribution margin has been considered as profit and considering that CPA redesigned its operational activity and flow of operation. CPA also made profit by handling more cargo, containers, and ships than the expected handling which meant CPAs operational growth rate was more than the required growth. As CPAs per unit operational cost was increased as per expectation, its contribution margin per unit was also remained in same level. Moreover, CPAs tariff is on foreign currency (US Dollar) basis which ha further increased CPAs income by devaluating of Bangladesh Taka. Cost Structure: The cost structure of the actual revenue and capital expenditure of CPA for the year 2007-2008 is presented in Table 1 and is shown in Annex-1. The Table 1 shows that actual operating and maintenance expense for the year 2007-08 was Taka 35,137.31 lac which includes a depreciation of Taka 8848.54 lac. Consequently, variable operating and maintenance cost was Taka 26,288.77 lac which is 29.53% of total cost. However, total fixed cost like depreciation and administrative staff salaries were Taka 10,773.64 lac which is 12.10% of the total cost. It is very alarming that financing cost and taxes were Taka 27,568.66 lac which was 30.97% of the total cost. CPA has to accept the proposal of the World Bank and ADB which have been offered through Bangladesh Government for various projects as CPA was not in a position to implement all of its development projects by using only its own fund. Therefore, CPA has to pay a huge amount of interest for those loans. Port competition level: The Chittagong Port is selected in this paper for assessing the intra port competition level and competition level within the region (inter port competition). Intra Port Competition level of Chittagong Port Authority (CPA): The Chittagong Port Authority is an autonomous and a service organization under the administrative control of the Ministry of Shipping of Bangladesh Government. According to the World Bank (2007), the port of Chittagong is a tool port where port authority owns, develops, and maintains the port infrastructure as well as the superstructure, including cargo handling equipment. CPA still has some entry barriers such as not to allow the foreign terminal operators in a tender process for operating a terminal or any investment in developing and operating a terminal of CPA due to labour unions objection and in monopolistic situation without any competition. Assessment of Inter-port competition level of CPA in Bangladesh: Chittagong Port Authority (CPA) and Mongla Port Authority (MPA) are two seaports of Bangladesh, which handled 32.72 million metric tons cargo (CPA Year Book, 2008 MPA website) during the fiscal year 2007-2008. Out of 32.72 million tons of total seaborne trade CPA handled 32.02 million tons and the rest is handled by MPA. The competition level of CPA with MPA can be assessed by analyzing location, yearly throughput and market share, market concentration, comparison of tariff including its hinterland facilities. To assess the market share only container traffic will be considered. Location: Chittagong Port is situated on the south eastern part of Bangladesh at a distance of about 9 nautical miles from the shore line of the Bay of Bengal. The maximum permissible LOA of vessel is 186 meters with the maximum permissible draught ranges from 8.50m to 9.20m (CPA Year Book, 2008). On the other hand, MPA is situated on the south western part of Bangladesh at a distance 71 nautical miles upstream from the Bay of Bengal and the permissible  maximum length of vessel is 225 m with the maximum 7m draught (MPA website). Throughput and Market share: The throughput, of the years 2004 to 2008, in TEUs and market share are presented in the Table 2 and is shown in Annex-2. From the Table 2, it is clear that the CPA is controlling the container market in Bangladesh without any competition. Market concentration: The Herfindhal index (H) is calculated to assess the container market concentration of two ports based on the years 2004 and 2008 in Table 3 and is shown in Annex-3. According to the Herfindhal index (H), if H = 1 or H = 0.5 or H = 1/n (n = number of firms), the concentration of market is monopoly or duopoly or equal in market shares respectively (Cariou, 2010). In the Table 3 the Herfindhal index (H), in both years, are almost close to 1 (one) which indicates that the container market is monopolistic. Comparison of tariff of both ports: The both ports, Chittagong and Mongla are autonomous and service organizations under the administrative control of the Ministry of Shipping. Both ports pricing system is cost based. The comparison of some costs related to container handling of both ports is presented in the Table 4 and is shown in annex-4. The Table 4 indicates that both the ports have same pricing structure for container handling and container vessels except the Lift on / Lift off charge on account of empty containers which is about 33.33% less in CPA compared to MPA. Hinterland market access: The Chittagong Port is connected with the hinterland by road, rail, air and river. The major containerized import and export commodity of Bangladesh is garments accessories and readymade garments respectively. The major factories of garments are located in Chittagong and Dhaka. The Export Processing Zones are located 3-4 kilometers away from Chittagong port. The most of the business activities including industrialization and foreign investment are oriented with the region of Dhaka and Chittagong of Bangladesh. The road distance from Chittagong port to Dhaka is around 245km. Mongla Port Authority (MPA) is situated on the south western part and serves the entire western part of Bangladesh. The road distance between MPA and Dhaka is can be around 185km, nearer to Dhaka compared to Chittagong Port. For many years, majority of all import and export cargo of MPA is moved by inland water way. Unavailability of railway connection and the road connection under present lay out remains unattractive for cargo transport from the port to Dhaka due to cost and time increases than going by road to Chittagong. The communication system of Chittagong Port through road, rail, and air is stronger than the Mongla port which indicates that Chittagong port is comparatively in competitive position than Mongla port in terms of hinterland access. Assessment of Inter-port competition level of CPA with Kolkata Port Trust (KOPT), India: Recent decision of the government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh to allow the transit of the cargo of northeastern states of India has increased the competition level of CPA with the KOPT. The competition level of CPA with KOPT is assessed by considering the geographical location, throughput, market share, market concentration, pricing structure, and hinterland market access. Geographical location: Chittagong port is strategically located in competitive location (Annex-5) for the seven northeastern states of India and these states currently depend on KOPT for export and import trade by passing comparatively long distance and incurring more cost. KOPT and CPA, both are regional sea ports of India and Bangladesh respectively. Due to geographical location and present decision of both countries for transit facilities CPA as regional hub will compete with KOPT. Throughput of CPA and KOPT: Average yearly growth and total throughput of the years 2004 to 2008 is presented in Table 5 for assessing the competition level of two ports and is shown in Annex-6. The Table 5 indicates that both ports between the years 2004 and 2008 had positive growth rate in container trade and the total average yearly growth is 22.27%. Market share of Chittagong port and Kolkata port: The market share of both ports are calculated and presented in the Table 6 and is shown in Annex-7. From the Table 6, it is clear that CPA has a lion share of container market. On the other hand, both ports have almost steady market share over the mentioned years. Market concentration: The level of container market concentration of both ports is calculated for the years 2004 and 2008 by using Herfindhal Index (H) and presented in Table 7 and is shown in Annex-8. The Table 7 shows that the Herfindhal Indices (H) is 0.58 and 0.59 for the years 2004 and 2008 respectively and close to 0.5. From this value it indicates that both the years the market was duopoly because of the different natural and political hinterland. Comparison of Tariff: The tariffs in some important particular fields related to container trade of both ports are presented in Table 8 and is shown in Annex-9. By comparing the tariff in some important particular fields of both Table 8 shows that except port dues and Lift on/Lift off charges for empty containers (20 and 40) other port charges are higher of CPA than KOPT. Hinterland connection: At present, the container trades of northeastern states of India depends on KOPT which is costly and time consuming as the port is situated far away from these states. Distance by road of northeastern states from Kolkata and Chittagong is presented in Table 9 and is shown in Annex-10. From the Table 9, it is evident that Chittagong port has competitive advantage in hinterland access over Kolkata port. Conclusion and recommendations: This paper aimed to present the current pricing system for Chittagong port and assesses the demand, competition level, and cost structure of the port. Firstly, it is observed that the pricing system of CPA is cost based and the port is mainly service oriented organization acting as a tool port. Secondly, it is observed that the container market is monopolistic in CPA due to absence of private operator. The inter port competition level of CPA with MPA also monopolistic and concentration of container market is in favour of CPA due to some bottlenecks of MPA. In addition, the competition level of CPA is assessed with nearby Indian port, KOPT. Here, duopolistic market concentration is observed as both ports, at present, are using different hinterland without international competition. However, the competition level of both ports will be increased in near future as Bangladesh and Indian governments have agreed for transit facilities for northeastern Indian states. In this case, it is furt her observed that due to strategic location of CPA the port has competitive advantage over KOPT. Furthermore, the comparison of tariff of both ports shows that in some particular important fields for container trade, the tariff of CPA is higher. From the above scenarios, it is evident that the degree of market concentration of CPA is monopolistic and current pricing system is controlled by regulations. However, according to UNCTAD (1995), in various parts of the world many ports are facing increased competition because of technological change in shipping, ports and land transport which may require a relaxation of government control on port charges. This report further mentioned that, competition has forced tariff levels to become more flexible. On the other hand, the CPA will not be able to hold its monopolistic situation as trade facilitation and competitive environment are increasing in the south-Asian region. Therefore, to increase the attractiveness and the profit of the port, it is recommended that the CPA has to revise its tariff by taking some infrastructural development for its natural hinterland access, competitive hinterland access as well as by increasing the efficiency of operational activities. In summary, cost based tariff can contribute to develop its attractiveness and its profit by the following ways: Rearranging operational activities to ensure efficient operation and economic use of operational assets. 2. Maintaining operational cost at a minimum level by reducing fixed cost and taking outsourcing benefit. 3. Achieving more growth in operation than required level of growth. For example: It was assumed that Total 3 million containers will be handled in 20 years with a growth rate 5% per year. On the other hand, CPA is now handling more than 1 million per year with 12% growth rate. So after 3 million, each amount of contribution margin (CM) is profit. Moreover, up to the recovery of 3 million, 7% of growth was also contribution margin, used to recover the fixed cost. 4. Devaluation of Bangladeshi taka against dollar will also help to increase profit in nominal term. Revising tariff time to time with present cost can be a more effective way to increase profit. Moreover, to increase the attractiveness and profit of the CPA, concession may be given on account of discharging or loading charges to importer/exporter who handles certain number of containers determined by port in single call of a vessel. Furthermore, it can provide rebates on vessels introducing green award discount like Port of Rotterdam Authority.

affirmative action Essay -- Affirmative Action Essays

Affirmative action is an attempt by the United States to amend a long history of racial discrimination and injustice. Our school textbook defines affirmative action as â€Å"a program established that attempts to improve the chances of minority applicants for educational or employment purposes, although they may have the same qualifications, by giving them leverage so that they can attain a level that is equal to caucasian applicants† (Berman 522). There are people that support and oppose this issue. Opponents of affirmative action have many reasons for opposing this issue, one of them being that the battle for equal rights is over, and that this advantage made for people of color discriminates against people that are not of color. The people that defend affirmative action argue this advantage is needed because of how badly discriminated the people of color once were. Because of the discrimination that once was these people claim that they are at a disadvantage, and alwa ys have been, therefore equality of opportunity is needed. It is also said that affirmative action is used to encourage diversity and integration. This paper will discuss the history of affirmative action, how it is implemented in society today, and evaluate the arguments that it presents. In order to discuss how affirmative action was put into legislation, we must review the history of black americans and slavery. America’s Declaration of Independence stated that â€Å"all men were created equal,† but under the Constitution blacks were not created equal because first of all, they were not American citizens; they were considered to be property. This is seen in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case (1857) when Dred Scott, a slave is taken by his master to settle into other free states and back into the state of Missouri (not a free state). When his master died, he claimed to be free because he had lived in states where slavery was illegal. This case went to the Supreme Court, where it was ruled that Scott could not sue because he was not a citizen (Berman 508). Slavery was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865, but blacks, other minorities, and women continued to be deprived of the right of citizenship. The Fourteenth Amendment was passed in 1868, making blacks citizens and promised them the "equal protectio... ... admissions although many people do support it and use it as an advantage. Although affirmative action is used to give people a greater opportunity, it has been seen that it has been used in unjust ways. This is what the government hopes to omit. Works Cited Artze, Isis. â€Å"College Find New Ways to Diversify.† Hispanic. (2001): 64. Berman, Larry, and Murphy, Bruce Allen. Approaching Democracy. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001. Bergmann, Barbara R. In Defense of Affirmative Action. New York: Basic Books, 1996. Eastland, Terry. Ending Affirmative Action. New York: Basic Books, 1996. â€Å"Excerpts From Clinton Talk on Affirmative Action.† Editorial. New York Times 20 July 1995:A9. Gose, Ben, and Schmidt, Peter. â€Å"Ruling Against Affirmative Action Could Alter Legal Debate and Admissions Practices.† Chronicle of Higher Education. (2001): 36. Stonecipher, Harry C. A Place to stand. 21 Debated Issues in American Politics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000.

Specializing Education :: Schooling Teaching Essays

Specializing Education Special Education was one of those things I never truly understood as a student in the public school system. Who were these children that had to be taken out of the class for reading and math or who remained in a separate class all day? What was so â€Å"special† about them? Believe me, I could have tried to find out what was different about them and how they were taught anytime I wanted; my mom teaches Elementary Special Education. I always heard her throwing around terms like resource room and inclusion when she talked about work. But being the typical self-involved child that I was, I never listened to what she said about teaching or asked her more about her students. What I do know is that teaching Special Education involved a lot of ups and down. As a Special Education teacher, the specific tasks of my mom’s job change frequently. She has taught full-time special education classes, has worked with individual students in an inclusive setting, and most recent ly she teaches resource room. Now that I don’t have to listen to her work stories all the time, I find myself wanting to know more about what special education entails. What I discovered is that none of the methods utilized in Special Education are entirely right or wrong in addressing the educational needs of children with LD. Children with learning disabilities should be educated in the most appropriate way to meet their specific educational needs. The children who benefit from the Special Education program are learning disabled. The National Center for Learning Disabilities states that children with learning disabilities have a â€Å"neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to receive process, store and respond to information.† There has been a long running debate on the best way to educate children with learning disabilities or LD. Some feel inclusion is the most beneficial method for educating children with LD. As defined by Jean B. Crockett and James M. Kauffman in The Least Restrictive Environment, inclusion is where children with disabilities are placed in regular education classes for the entire school day and are accompanied by special education teachers or aides for subjects where they need extra help (1). Others feel mainstreaming is the best option for students with LD.

Ray Bradbury Biography :: essays research papers

Ray Bradbury Biography U.S. author, born in Waukegan, Ill., on Aug. 22, 1920. In his stories, Bradbury wove together the intrigue of changing technology with insightful social commentary. One of his best-known works was 'The Martian Chronicles’; a collection of interrelated stories concerning colonization of the planet Mars those attracted readers both young and old. In it, Bradbury portrayed the strengths and weaknesses of human beings as they encountered a new world. Ray Bradbury grew up in Waukegan and in Los Angeles, where he founded a magazine called Futuria Fantasia while in high school. He sold his first short story when he was 21 years old. His early stories were published in pulp magazines, but Bradbury later published stories in such mainstream magazines as The New Yorker, Mademoiselle, and the Saturday Evening Post. His science fiction and fantasy short-story collections included 'The Martian Chronicles', 'The Illustrated Man', and 'Dinosaur Tales'. Bradbury's 1980 collection, 'The Stories of Ray Bradbury', covers a wide range of topics, none of which is truly science fiction. His novels included 'Fahrenheit 451', Dandelion Wine, and 'Something Wicked This Way Comes'. 'Fahrenheit 451' was made into a motion picture in 1966, and 'The Martian Chronicles' later appeared both as a motion picture and a television miniseries. In 1954 Bradbury was honored with an award from the National Institute of Arts and Letters for his contribution to American literature. In 1956 he collaborated with John Huston to create the screenplay for 'Moby Dick'. In addition to fiction Bradbury wrote 'Zen and the Art of Writing' and also published such dramas as 'The Anthem Sprinters’, 'The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit, The Pedestrian’, and volumes of poetry including 'When Elephants Last in the Dooryard Bloomed', 'Where Robot Mice & Robot Men Run Around in Robot Towns', and 'The Haunted Computer and the Android Pope'.

Youths Are Overly Dependent on the Internet’

In today’s world, it is not surprising to find teenagers, even young children, using the latest gadgets on buses, trains or even in restaurants. If you ever try to think about the last day you went without the Internet or cell phone, chances are you would have a hard time coming up with the answer. Youths, also, eventually have developed a dependency on the Internet to socialize with their friends or search for information to an extent that they lack interaction skills.Actually, the Internet’s not too bad. It’s usually the number one thing youths use because of all its possibilities – to download homework, research, chat with friends and make plans. The Internet has also made it much easier to stay in touch and make new friends. Furthermore, teachers have also taken advantage of the advancements to develop some sense of responsibility in the students by moving away from some pen-and-paper to more interactive online assignments.However, with the fact that t he web is accessible almost everywhere, through data roaming on smartphones or connecting the laptop to free Wi-Fi at shopping malls, a research showed that teens spend an average of 20 hours a week in front of a computer or television. With so many distractions around us, when are teens supposed to make time to hang out with friends or relax with their families? Many youths are also unaware of the kind of personal information they put online for the world to see.For instance, some youths will post about when they are leaving for their vacation for a period of time on social network sites Facebook and Twitter, without thinking of the consequences such as strangers emptying their house when they are away. One of the biggest problems for children is not that they are vulnerable but that their parents don’t know what they’re doing. Furthermore, a recent survey concluded that 75% of those aged between 16 to 24 years old couldn’t live without the Internet. It is unde niable that the chance for danger exists when using the Internet, specially for youths. There is definitely a high chance that future generations of young people will only increase their dependence on computers and as long as the Internet exits, there will be risks. The best thing for youths to do is educate themselves regarding the Internet, to know what not to do and understand how to protect themselves. In a world where technology is becoming more and more prevalent, everyone must learn to cope with the risks if they are to continue enjoying the benefits. Youths Are Overly Dependent on the Internet’ In today’s world, it is not surprising to find teenagers, even young children, using the latest gadgets on buses, trains or even in restaurants. If you ever try to think about the last day you went without the Internet or cell phone, chances are you would have a hard time coming up with the answer. Youths, also, eventually have developed a dependency on the Internet to socialize with their friends or search for information to an extent that they lack interaction skills.Actually, the Internet’s not too bad. It’s usually the number one thing youths use because of all its possibilities – to download homework, research, chat with friends and make plans. The Internet has also made it much easier to stay in touch and make new friends. Furthermore, teachers have also taken advantage of the advancements to develop some sense of responsibility in the students by moving away from some pen-and-paper to more interactive online assignments.However, with the fact that t he web is accessible almost everywhere, through data roaming on smartphones or connecting the laptop to free Wi-Fi at shopping malls, a research showed that teens spend an average of 20 hours a week in front of a computer or television. With so many distractions around us, when are teens supposed to make time to hang out with friends or relax with their families? Many youths are also unaware of the kind of personal information they put online for the world to see.For instance, some youths will post about when they are leaving for their vacation for a period of time on social network sites Facebook and Twitter, without thinking of the consequences such as strangers emptying their house when they are away. One of the biggest problems for children is not that they are vulnerable but that their parents don’t know what they’re doing. Furthermore, a recent survey concluded that 75% of those aged between 16 to 24 years old couldn’t live without the Internet. It is unde niable that the chance for danger exists when using the Internet, specially for youths. There is definitely a high chance that future generations of young people will only increase their dependence on computers and as long as the Internet exits, there will be risks. The best thing for youths to do is educate themselves regarding the Internet, to know what not to do and understand how to protect themselves. In a world where technology is becoming more and more prevalent, everyone must learn to cope with the risks if they are to continue enjoying the benefits.

Colorism in the African American Society

racial discrimination has been a very prominent riposte most commonly between macabre and uninfected bay window. Although it is the most ack outrightledged it is non the only example of run discrimination. escape discrimination occurs among divergent ethnicities and backgrounds of people. Some sequences hightail it discrimination can transpire because of peoples point of messs on plastered things, much(prenominal) as religion, coloring, age, or dis gentlemantle gender. In the stories, The wife of His offspring and Desirees itch racism and some other forms of discrimination argon present, only surprisingly it isnt atomic number 53 race debate a nonher.It is lightless(prenominal)ness on black racism, or more proper(postnominal)ally colorism this is discrimination establish on splutter color (Nittle 1). marry cleaning woman of His jejuneness, a terse degree by Charles Chesnutt addresses the tussles of race as a send off struggle and dark African Americ an subsequently to the American genteel contend, by dint of the shells Mr. Ryder and Liza Jane. While equally black the luminousness clamber (Mr. Ryder) had a well-disposed advantage during segregation eras. Kate Chopins explanation Desirees Baby has a parallel theme in despite of its orbit it took dictate previous to the civilized war.It concerns Desiree and her economise Armand who give birth to a darker scramble fry. Their fear that fellowship would discard them leads the taradiddle to a tragic ending. Although, Charles Chesnutts storey was written after the civil war and Kate Chopins was written introductory to the civil war, both stories say that discrimination understood existed categorically within African American ethnic groups. A gross get along of Charles Chesnutt working exemplifies the hardships he endured in the entropy as a light African American more specifically married woman of His Youth, which is a go around taradiddle that took assign af ter the civil war.Chesnutt satirically reveals not only the difficulties faced by racially blended individuals but withal their conductlike prejudices against more darkly shaded African Americans. Chesnutt him egotism was a product of interracial marriage as well then he was determine as an African American still he often referred to him egotism as etiolate American too (Ros practiseti 1). Mr. Ryder who was the main character in the short story, The Wife of His Youth by Charles Chesnutt, had a similar memorial as Chesnutt. Mr. Ryder was well respected by his society called the puritanical Veins.According to Fleischmann, Their existence, as little society of colored per newss whose occasion it was to establish and maintain correct hearty standard among a people whose neighborly condition presented almost unlimited elbow room for improve handst ( Chesnutt 463). This Blue Veins society was a society within the large society. The larger society also issuen as the white p owered society had no place for African Americans. There was no room for middle ground where African American and Caucasians could prosper.The Blue Veins society was created so that lighter tegumentned, colored people whose fell appeared so white that their veins showed like Mr. Ryder, could lay d consume significant rank and file in this white society. (Chesnutt 1)They did not want to be categorise with the darker African American groups. In the short story, No star was eligible for membership who was not white enough to show Blue Veins (Chesnutt 1). With this short story Chesnutt demonstrates that color motions within the race. The Blue Veins society does not emphasize culture of the race but how light their skin color appears. concourse like Liza Jane, the wife of Mr. Ryder would not be qualified for membership in his society because she was exceptionally black and her sociable rank in society was a former as a woodlet worker. As the readers egress towards the end, some may detest Mr. Ryder true up emotions. The reader may realize that although Mr. Ryder initially tried to abscond from his black ocellus through the Blue Veins society he is conflicted with this guilt. Liza Jane suddenly shows up at Mr. Ryders house with determination to convey her husband (originally named Same Taylor but now known as Mr. Ryder). Unaware that she is indeed talking to Mr. Ryder she starts telling him her story, and how she has been scouring almost town for her husband. Eventually, Mr. Ryder confesses that he is Liza Janes long lost husband withal it was not until he gained recognition from the Blue Veins Society. In the short story it says My friends, what would the man do? I will speak out that he was one who loved honor, and tried to deal justly with all men. I will even carry the casefulsetters case further, and suppose that perhaps he had set his heart upon another, whom he had hoped to call his own.What would he do, or rather what ought he to do, in suc h a crisis of a sprightliness? It seemed to me that he might hesitate, and I imagined that I was an old friend, a near friend, and that he had come to me for advice and I argued the case with him. I tried to discuss it impartially. After we had looked upon the matter from invariablyy point of view, I express to him, in words that we all know This above all to thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the shadow the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man. Then, finally, I erect the question to him, Shall you acknowledge her? (Chesnutt 796) The Blue Veins society is so fixated on looks that, Mr. Ryder is almost timid to acknowledge his wife without the approval from their society. He knew that this society discriminated against darker skin colour African Americans so he was unsure on whether or not they would admit Liza Jane. Charles Chesnutt demonstrates that racism within race exists and that color does matters. However, the challenge is for the person to understan d their racial score and to mature from these understandings.Another character that has been overpowered by his racial history is Armand Aubigny from the short story, Desirees Baby, written by Kate Chopin. Of all her works Kate Chopin is perhaps best known for Desirees Baby. It is the most Anthologized of all her short stories (Cruz 430). Chopin tells the story about Desiree an adopted squirt whose recruits heritage was unidentified. When she became a woman, her dish antenna attracted the attention of Armand Aubigny, a neighboring plantation owner. These two characters later get married and bear a son. As time goes by the child starts to appear more black than white.When Desiree confronts situation about the childs complexion Armand holds her accountable because of her unfathomed parentage not knowing that he too has some responsibility in the botch ups complexion. Desirees Baby, takes place in the south prior to the polished War. In fact, it is one of the few short stories written by Kate Chopin that is set onward the Civil War (Kate Chopin Desirees Baby 1) Around this era, many mix pedigree children like Armand and Desiree leaned towards their white heritage to distract difficulties that the dark African American had to companionship such as lynching, beating, theft, sexual humiliation, slaveholding, and so forthArmand Aubigny, one of the characters in this short story was forced by this era to exterminate his past and keep his African American blood line hidden. He knew being from a darker descent it would bring complications and unfair interference for him in the white society. Two shipway he concealed his past and his store was after discovering that the vitiates darker complexion he threw Desiree and the pamper out of his home. In the short story Desiree says to him Shall I go Armand? and he replied back, Yes go (Chopin 3).He also confiscated all the things that reminded him of his African American ancestry, and burn them leaving n o evidence of him ever being black. One of the items burnt was a letter from his mom to his tiro precept that, she belongs to the race that is cursed with the brand of slavery (Chopin 4). The reader is uncertain on whether Armand was prospered with keeping his secret however such secrets are painful to hold. Oslyn Reso Foy states in one of her articles that Armand moved out of the conventions that turn out governed his life and Chopin strips him of the veils that have hidden his real self (223).Armand learns that it is important to embrace your own ethnicity quite of trying to affiliate with another. A different illustration of discrimination within the race in Desirees Baby is the deportment towards of the baffles complexion. In the rootage of the story, Madame Valmonde had arrived for a visit at Desirees Home. She was shaken by the baby and hesitated to call back that it was theirs. This is not the baby Madame Valmonde exclaimed, in take aback tone (Chopin 2). By the wa y she responded to the babys appearance validates her concern the proceeds of the babys appearance.This leaves the audience with a matter of uncertainty on whether the baby would have gotten the same treatment if it was a lighter complexion. Armand actions too changed when he realizes the baby is dark skin. In the article, Semiotic corruptness in Desirees Baby announces that out front he turned against his wife and baby, Armand was the proudest fatherMarriage and later the birth of his son had softened Armand Aubigny imperious and exacting disposition greatly ( Peel 226). Armand treasured a son however he preferent a white scramble baby rather of a dark skinned baby.Not knowing Desirees unknown heritage backfired on him and left him with a son whose complexion was darker than both of theirs instead of lighter. In like a shot society racism, segregation, discrimination, etc. is generally publically terminated and against the fairness we see ample amount of mixed couples es pecially in the media, who seem to abbreviate race or even skin color. However this doesnt mean that colorism is nonexistent. This type of prejudice happens but it is so taboo that it is kept hidden from the society. A lot African Americans have to take on the hardships of being segregated from within their own thnic group. Ever since days of slavery prior to the civil war, many people mat that light skin color is bankrupt and more favorable than darker skin color. judgment of conviction after time white Americans view of authority and the violation of dark skin color have made the African American to dismiss and categorize one another. For example in the media now, we see less and less of the darker complexion actresses. In an article, called What They codt Want You to Know, it says In Hollywood, wispy male characters are played by black actors while black pistillate characters are played by actresses that are more often than no mixed (2).Although society has not made coar se news headline on this specific topic, it does not mean it is not dually observe as an issue. For instance in todays society, you are not considered as beautiful if dont have the same characteristics as the white people. The men in the short stories, My Wife of His Youth and Desirees Baby were attracted some of these females characters because they happy white women. As mention before, Armand and Mr. Ryder wanted to escape their African American ancestry and all the tribulations that came with it.In order to stuff their past they needed a woman that could give them a white skinned baby. Someone that can lower the chances of their child being dark skinned. In Desirees Baby, Desiree had long silky brown pig that hung about her shoulders, her eyes were grey and her skin was whiter than her husband, Armand (Chopin 3). All these characteristics which Armand considered to be beauty resembled of a white woman. In the story The Wife of His Youth, before Liza Janes arrival, Mr. Ryder w as machinate to propose to Mrs. Dixon.In the story molly Dixon possessed many attractive qualities. she was whiter than he (Chesnutt 790). In retrospect, Charles Chesnutt and Kate Chopin works provide create ideas of discrimination between races during and after the civil war. This theme is exemplified through their short stories in particular in The Wife of His Youth and Desirees Baby. In conclusion whether or not you are of substantially a lighter skinned complexion or a darker skinned complexion, individuals in the African American community should not be hard-boiled differently by society due to this aspect.

Perception of the African American Males

Perception of the Afri digest Ameri rear males African Americans males be considered step downneck based on a false identity, misconceptions, and misinformation that are available in the media this includes only is non limited to bump music, newsworthiness, and TV shows. This misconception can be traced as far anchor as slavery. The apprehension of dours males as macrocosm dangerous began when the slave came to America on 1619. Due to the station of being treated as property, to be freely bought and sold, and that the owner was free to split up a couple or family at any clock simply by selling about of his/her slaves.African slaves started to be drive in a hostile humannessner. Beca persona of their appearance the Caucasians immediately started to classify the slaves as being dangerous, and they acquire to be tame as if they were wild animals. This rifle the slave masters to start putting cosmic string and walking around with their rifles when they would be in th e handle with them. As it was stated in The Brut take-off, it portrays erosive custody as innately savage, animalistic, destructive, and sinful deserving punishment, and maybe death. Due to the prohibit determine and portrayals of African Americans males, these individuals are often misguided.The nature vs. hold up theory comes into play. I. e. Low income mysterious males are predisposed to innate qualities, while behavioral traits are conditi mavind i. e. through the media. Get Rich or transcend Trying is the mentality of some African American males with the help of the media. Most males see themselves as stroke stars, sports stars, and or comedians. There is limited exposure of African American as doctors or lawyers at an primal age its learned that their chance of success in life is limited. The men in the low income communities excite the tendencies of wanting to become like the albumin man.The main problem is that they portray the idea of pop rich quick. These perceptions cause them to turn into drugs, and from on that point into violence and crimes. consort to a 2006 National urban League report a third of dark-skinned males forget spend time in prison house house before their 35th birth sidereal day. This fact could be because of the spicy school dropouts and the poor understanding they get from inn. Yes, I said the poor understanding from society, because black men are one of the least understood groups in our coun puree.People dont look at the conditions that cause a lot of black men to be in the situations theyre in today, they just look at the results. fit to my findings, among men, blacks (28. 5%) are about six quantify more likely than ashens (4. 4%) to be admitted to prison during their life. I overly noted that there are more black males in prison in America than are in college. (The Black and pureness of Justice, Freedom Magazine). Volume 28. Another consequence for African Americans its that the monster epitome attached by the Caucasian mass are carry by the poor African American throng.According to St wholeworth (early 1990s) young person black males continue to follow patterns of slavery measure. galore(postnominal) fulfill white Americas image of them legitimately by fit successful gangster rappers, others fulfill these image illegitimately by becoming bad niggers Rappers, therefore reinforce the popular effect that as bad ass niggers young black can achieve fame, recognition, and sense of being (somebody). If they lose, however, they can face a long stay in our jails and prisons or pull down bodily injury and death. Which its happening now days. Media and the African American MalesAccording to the book Black Demons there is a black pathology a fundamental weakness in African American families that can be traced to their experiences as slaves. The news media, for example, declare taken the lead in equivalence young African American males with aggressiveness, lawlessness, and violence. Likewise, the entertainment media suffer eagerly taken their cue from the journalists, and these false images not only affect race relationship but also create a self felling divination for African American youngsters, whose limits of achievement can be determined for them by suggestions in the media.A reciprocal stereotype about African American men is that they are engage in drug exclaim a disproportionate elan which its not true because according to statistics from the US department of wellness and Human services that although eight percent of African American males cocaine, eleven percent of whites stimulate use the same drug. This is, however, not the impression that we get from watching the evening local news or even an episode of television program COPS. Blacks Stereotyped of world Intellectually Inferior and Criminals. Another common negative stereotype, establishes the African American male as intellectually inferior.Studies directed by psychologist Claude Stale, indicate that African American teenagers are aware that they are stigmatized as being intellectually inferior and the go to school design what psychologist Claude has called a send of suspicion Such burden can affect their attitudes and achievements. These shadows hang over stigmatized people no matter their status or accomplishments. These stigmas have the potential to roll them of their individually and debilitate their attempts to break out of the stereotypical roles.Blacks are the repository for the American fear of crime. Ask anyone, of any race, to picture a criminal and the image will have a black face. The linked between blackness and fault its routinized by terms such a black-on-black crimes or black crimes. I also have to mention the black brute stereotype bob up in the early 1870s. Such stereotype is one of the pictures white Americans have in their heads about black men as savage, violent amazingly vehement and not caring about right and wrong. until now tod ay according to my findings , blacks are three times more likely to be physically threatened, harmed or killed because if their race than whites. So this idea of whites as passive and blacks ad threatening to white is not root in fact. It is rooted in something else. Yes, there are black men who are violent and savage, who do unspeakable things. entirely there are white men like that too. In either eggshell they are hardly common enough to somewhat determine ones ideas about the unremarkable people of their race. Rap Music and its influence in African American malesRap music celebrates colloquialism. Indeed, it markets vulgarity that is its product. It is the vulgar excesses of rap-the profanity, the over-sized jewelry, the naked acquisitiveness, the sexual aggressiveness-that are its hallmarks. sassy media attention on rap music seems ghost on instances of violence at rap concerts, rap producers illegal use of musical samples, gangster raps scandalous fanatics of cop killi ng, and female dismemberment, and Black Nationalist rappers suggestions that white peoples are devils disciples.It seems that rappers to notice the influence they have in people nighly African American people, and by say this type of things they send an incorrect content to their fanatics and other people in general. In most of the songs you can find a high take of aggravated language, images, and high crimes scenarios. . According to the authors of these songs, they just pass water it for the entertainment of their fans without thinking of the image they are given of their people and themselves. One question and many answers from our societyI took the duty to find out the perception that common US citizens have towards African American males, by submitting a question on (answersyahoo. com) people from all around our country answered to my question. The following are the answers to my survey. People poisonous stereotypes the black males with the 5 DsDumb, deprived, dangerous, de viant, and disturbed. Lazy & uneducated Drug dealers short Hate other races They are dirty Loud, obnoxious, savage My OpinionFor these reasons and many other African American males are consider dangerous for our society. But violate and think for a minute, are they all unfeignedly dangerous or this is only a prominent misunderstanding? Can we judge them all as a whole, or there are some of them that can be excluded of being stereotyped as dangerous, criminal, etc? In my opinion we cannot judged them all as a whole and we should also try to understand the reasons behind their actions. We have to learn how to be open minded and see things from different perspectives.We also have to realize that not everything that we see and try in the media is always the truth, there is always a second part of a story and most of the time we fail to look for that second part. African American behavior has been shaped by us (society) because of our mistreatment towards them and our racism I believe if we change the way we look at them and express about them, they will change their behavior and we no longer will have to use the statement of dangerous when referring to a African American male. ConclusionTo conclude to this swerve in question I just have to say Black or white, God gave us the opportunity to succeed, and regardless of the situation we are dealt, we can all live the life we imagined. After s days of research I cant say there is a wrong or right theory about African American males because everyone has their own way of thinking and their own opinion. But just to add the world would be surprise to know that the majority of black men describe the right choices and build successful families and careers every day in America, yet are rarely discussed in the headlines. Bibliogaphy